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The epistemological stance of Carvaka is primarily:
A) Empiricism with rejection of inference
B) Rationalism based on inference
C) Pragmatism based on revelation
D) Idealism based on perception -
The principle of ‘Syadvada’ in Jain logic implies:
A) Absolute affirmation
B) Conditional predication recognizing multiple viewpoints
C) Rejection of knowledge
D) Monism -
Which Buddhist school emphasizes the doctrine of ‘Sunyata’ (emptiness)?
A) Theravada
B) Mahayana
C) Vaibhashika
D) Samkhya -
According to Nyaya, how is the soul distinguished from the body?
A) By color
B) By consciousness and ability to cognize
C) By substance only
D) By form and size -
Vaisesika’s argument for ‘Abhava’ (non-existence) as a separate category is primarily:
A) Logical necessity to account for absence
B) Empirical observation
C) Scriptural injunction
D) Metaphysical speculation -
Satkaryavada, the theory that effect pre-exists in cause, has which philosophical consequence in Samkhya?
A) Complete determinism
B) Denial of causality
C) Support for evolutionary processes
D) Rejection of prakrti’s role -
In Yoga, ‘Cittavrtti’ refers to:
A) The physical state of the body
B) Mental fluctuations or modifications
C) Ethical conduct
D) Liberation -
How do Prabhakara Mimamsa philosophers justify ‘Arthapatti’ as a source of valid knowledge?
A) By scriptural authority alone
B) Only through inference
C) Through practical necessity of postulation
D) By perception -
In Samkara’s Advaita Vedanta, the world is considered:
A) Real and eternal
B) Unreal and mithya (illusory)
C) Manifest Brahman
D) Equivalent to God -
Ramanuja’s concept of ‘Tattvavada’ argues for what kind of reality?
A) Absolute oneness of Brahman and Jiva
B) Real difference without dualism
C) Dualism with distinction and unity
D) Complete non-dualism -
The distinction between ‘Act’ and ‘Rule’ utilitarianism is primarily based on:
A) The nature of pleasure
B) The generality of the rule vs. individual acts
C) The role of punishment
D) Consequence ignoring -
Kant’s ‘Categorical Imperative’ is fundamentally:
A) Hypothetical and desires based
B) Absolute and universal moral law
C) Dependent on consequences
D) Relative to social context -
Mill’s refinement of Egoistic Hedonism introduced:
A) Difference of quality in pleasures
B) Absolute quantity in pleasures
C) Duty over pleasure
D) Rule based ethics -
‘Environmental Ethics’ chiefly concerns:
A) Abstract moral theories
B) Human responsibilities toward nature
C) Economic policies
D) Political theories -
Which form of punishment is justified by the prospect of societal improvement?
A) Retribution
B) Deterrence
C) Revenge
D) Absolution -
Plato’s ‘Theory of Forms’ is best understood as:
A) A metaphysical hierarchy of perfect ideals
B) An epistemological fallacy
C) A social contract
D) A political framework -
Aristotle’s ‘Substance’ differs from ‘Accidents’ in that:
A) Substance exists independently, accidents cannot
B) Both exist independently
C) Accidents cause substance
D) Substance is material only -
Descartes argued God’s existence primarily through:
A) Ontological Argument
B) Cosmological Argument
C) Teleological Argument
D) Ethical Argument -
Spinoza’s concept of ‘Intellectual Love of God’ refers to:
A) Rational understanding uniting with divine essence
B) Emotional devotion
C) Religious dogma
D) Ethical duty -
Kant’s ‘Synthetic a priori’ judgments are significant because they:
A) Combine empirical content with necessity and universality
B) Are purely analytical
C) Depend solely on experience
D) Reject reason’s role -
Leibniz’s ‘Pre-established Harmony’ attempts to:
A) Explain mind-body interaction without causal connection
B) Deny substance
C) Explain causality via God’s failure
D) Redefine monads as physical entities -
Weber-Fechner’s law describes the relationship between:
A) Stimulus intensity and perceived sensation
B) Dream content and reality
C) Memory recall and attention
D) Learning rate and motivation -
Gestalt psychology emphasizes:
A) Reductionism
B) Perceptual wholes over individual sensations
C) Classical conditioning
D) Behaviorism -
Pavlov’s classical conditioning involves:
A) Unconditioned stimulus paired with conditioned stimulus
B) Trial and error
C) Operant behavior
D) Cognitive restructuring -
Freud’s theory of personality heavily involves:
A) Id, Ego, and Superego
B) Conscious desires only
C) External social forces
D) Behavioral reinforcement -
Spearman’s ‘g factor’ hypothesizes:
A) General intelligence underlying all abilities
B) Specialized intelligences only
C) Emotional intelligence predominates
D) Motivation is primary -
The ‘Square of Opposition’ illustrates relationships between:
A) Categorical propositions of different quality and quantity
B) Mathematical operators
C) Psychological states
D) Social classes -
Immediate inference by ‘Contraposition’ involves:
A) Switching subject with predicate and changing quality
B) Switching subject only
C) Negating subject
D) None of the above -
Mill’s Methods of Experimental Enquiry include:
A) Agreement, Difference, Concomitant Variation, Residues
B) Hypothesis testing only
C) Deductive reasoning
D) Inductive generalization only -
Gandhiji’s concept of ‘Sarvodaya’ implies:
A) Trusteeship and welfare for all
B) Strict capitalism
C) Violent revolution
D) Class struggle -
Marxist theory of social change emphasizes:
A) Economic base and class conflict
B) Spiritual development
C) Moral awakening
D) Legal reforms -
Trusteeship theory proposes:
A) Voluntary sharing of wealth by the rich
B) State ownership of property
C) No social obligations for the wealthy
D) Absolute freedom -
Categorical propositions in logic have which properties?
A) Quality, Quantity, Distribution
B) Degree of certainty
C) Probability only
D) None of the above -
‘Quantification’ in logic means:
A) Application of universal and existential qualifiers
B) Numerical analysis
C) Statistical measurement
D) Symbol replacement -
Hypothesis in scientific explanation is primarily:
A) A tentative assumption for reasoning
B) Proven truth
C) Unverified opinion
D) None of the above-
According to Locke, primary qualities are:
A) Dependent on perception
B) Objective, inherent properties
C) Illusory
D) Mental constructs -
Berkeley’s argument “Esse est percipi” means:
A) Being is thinking
B) Being is perception
C) Reality is material
D) Cause and effect -
Hume’s skepticism challenges:
A) The existence of God
B) Necessary connection in causality
C) Sensory perception
D) Moral objectivity -
Kant distinguishes between analytic and synthetic judgements to show:
A) Limits of knowledge
B) Types of moral law
C) Difference between perception and conception
D) Empirical knowledge -
The Copernican Revolution in Kantian philosophy means:
A) Knowledge conforms to objects
B) Objects conform to the way we know them
C) Religion over science
D) Mind conforms to body -
Psychologists use introspection to study:
A) Observable behavior
B) Self-conscious experiences
C) Social norms
D) Brain structure -
Weber-Fechner law is about:
A) Just noticeable difference in sensation
B) Dream interpretation
C) Learning curves
D) Psychometric intelligence -
Gestalt principles emphasize that:
A) Whole is more than the sum of parts
B) Behavior is conditioned
C) Intelligence is innate
D) Memory is associative -
Trial and error learning was extensively studied by:
A) Thorndike
B) Skinner
C) Pavlov
D) Jung -
Freud’s psychoanalysis emphasizes:
A) Conscious mind
B) Unconscious motives and conflicts
C) Behaviorism
D) Logical reasoning -
The Binet-Simon test measures:
A) Personality
B) Cognitive ability or IQ
C) Emotional well-being
D) Visual perception -
Pavlov’s classical conditioning involves which key process?
A) Reinforcement
B) Association of stimuli
C) Insight learning
D) Habit formation -
Spearman proposed the ‘g’ factor as:
A) A general intelligence component
B) A learning style
C) A personality trait
D) Emotional quotient -
Categorical propositions combine:
A) Subject and predicate with quality and quantity
B) Conditional statements
C) Hypothetical forms
D) Inductive inferences -
Conversion in traditional logic changes:
A) Affirmative to negative
B) Subject and predicate positions
C) Quality of a proposition
D) Quantity of a proposition -
Obversion changes a proposition by:
A) Negating and changing quality
B) Switching subject and predicate
C) Replacing the predicate
D) Affirming the subject -
The Square of Opposition shows the relationships:
A) Between different categorical propositions
B) Between modal operators
C) Among scientific hypotheses
D) Within ethical theories -
Mill’s Method of Agreement is used to:
A) Identify a common cause
B) Prove causality absolutely
C) Deduce logical truths
D) Analyze syllogisms -
Gandhiji’s Sarvodaya advocates:
A) Universal welfare and non-violence
B) Violent resistance
C) Class conflict
D) Industrial capitalism -
Marx’s concept of class struggle is primarily about:
A) Social reforms
B) Conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat
C) Religious harmony
D) Political ideology -
Trusteeship theory implies:
A) Wealth should be used for social good voluntarily
B) Private ownership without responsibility
C) Complete state control of property
D) Isolation of classes -
In logic, ‘Quantification’ refers to:
A) Use of universal and existential quantifiers
B) Measurement of truth values
C) Assigning numbers to terms
D) Statistical analysis -
Hypothesis in scientific investigation is best described as:
A) A tentative assumption for testing
B) A verified theory
C) A fact
D) An opinion -
‘Immediate inference’ includes which of the following?
A) Conversion
B) Syllogism
C) Disjunction
D) Induction -
The doctrine of ‘Plurality of Causes’ by Mill implies:
A) Multiple factors contribute to an effect
B) Single cause principle
C) Effect is independent
D) Causes are illusory
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MOCK TEST 04 PHILOSOPHY WB SLST
Answer Key with Explanations
1. A) Empiricism with rejection of inference
→ Carvaka accepts only perception as valid knowledge and rejects inference.
2. B) Conditional predication recognizing multiple viewpoints
→ Jainism’s Syadvada is conditional logic acknowledging multiple perspectives.
3. B) Mahayana
→ The Mahayana school emphasizes Sunyata (emptiness).
4. B) By consciousness and ability to cognize
→ In Nyaya, the soul is distinct from the body because it is conscious.
5. A) Logical necessity to account for absence
→ Vaisesika includes Abhava (non-existence) as a real category.
6. C) Support for evolutionary processes
→ Satkaryavada in Samkhya means effect pre-exists in cause, supporting evolution of Prakrti.
7. B) Mental fluctuations or modifications
→ In Yoga, Cittavrtti means modifications of the mind.
8. C) Through practical necessity of postulation
→ Prabhakara Mimamsa accepts Arthapatti (postulation) as needed for reasoning.
9. B) Unreal and mithya (illusory)
→ Advaita Vedanta considers the phenomenal world as illusory.
10. C) Dualism with distinction and unity
→ Ramanuja’s Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism) means real difference and unity.
11. B) The generality of the rule vs. individual acts
→ Act utilitarianism looks at individual acts, rule utilitarianism looks at general rules.
12. B) Absolute and universal moral law
→ Kant’s Categorical Imperative is universal and unconditional.
13. A) Difference of quality in pleasures
→ Mill emphasized qualitative differences (higher vs lower pleasures).
14. B) Human responsibilities toward nature
→ Environmental ethics deals with moral duties to nature.
15. B) Deterrence
→ Punishment justified for preventing future crimes is deterrence.
16. A) A metaphysical hierarchy of perfect ideals
→ Plato’s Theory of Forms = eternal perfect ideals.
17. A) Substance exists independently, accidents cannot
→ Aristotle: substances exist independently, accidents depend on them.
18. A) Ontological Argument
→ Descartes argued for God through the ontological argument.
19. A) Rational understanding uniting with divine essence
→ Spinoza’s “Intellectual Love of God” = rational knowledge of God.
20. A) Combine empirical content with necessity and universality
→ Kant’s Synthetic a priori are both experiential and necessary.
21. A) Explain mind-body interaction without causal connection
→ Leibniz’s Pre-established Harmony explains harmony of mind and body.
22. A) Stimulus intensity and perceived sensation
→ Weber–Fechner law relates stimulus to sensation.
23. B) Perceptual wholes over individual sensations
→ Gestalt psychology emphasizes holistic perception.
24. A) Unconditioned stimulus paired with conditioned stimulus
→ Pavlov’s classical conditioning involves pairing UCS with CS.
25. A) Id, Ego, and Superego
→ Freud’s model divides personality into Id, Ego, Superego.
26. A) General intelligence underlying all abilities
→ Spearman’s g factor = general intelligence common to all abilities.
27. A) Categorical propositions of different quality and quantity
→ The Square of Opposition shows relations among categorical propositions.
28. A) Switching subject with predicate and changing quality
→ Contraposition = exchange subject and predicate with quality change.
29. A) Agreement, Difference, Concomitant Variation, Residues
→ Mill’s four methods of scientific enquiry.
30. A) Trusteeship and welfare for all
→ Gandhi’s Sarvodaya = universal welfare, trusteeship of wealth.
31. A) Economic base and class conflict
→ Marx: social change arises from economic base and class conflict.
32. A) Voluntary sharing of wealth by the rich
→ Trusteeship theory = wealthy should voluntarily serve social good.
33. A) Quality, Quantity, Distribution
→ Categorical propositions have these three properties.
34. A) Application of universal and existential qualifiers
→ Quantification = ∀ (universal), ∃ (existential).
35. A) A tentative assumption for reasoning
→ Hypothesis = a tentative testable assumption.
36. B) Objective, inherent properties
→ Locke: primary qualities are inherent and objective.
37. B) Being is perception
→ Berkeley’s “Esse est percipi” = to be is to be perceived.
38. B) Necessary connection in causality
→ Hume denied necessary causal connection.
39. A) Limits of knowledge
→ Kant distinguished analytic vs synthetic judgments to show limits of knowledge.
40. B) Objects conform to the way we know them
→ Kant’s Copernican Revolution = mind structures experience.
41. B) Self-conscious experiences
→ Introspection studies inner conscious states.
42. A) Just noticeable difference in sensation
→ Weber–Fechner law deals with JND in sensation.
43. A) Whole is more than the sum of parts
→ Gestalt psychology emphasizes holistic perception.
44. A) Thorndike
→ Trial-and-error learning studied by Thorndike.
45. B) Unconscious motives and conflicts
→ Freud’s psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious drives.
46. B) Cognitive ability or IQ
→ Binet–Simon test measures intelligence.
47. B) Association of stimuli
→ Classical conditioning = association between stimuli.
48. A) A general intelligence component
→ Spearman’s g = general intelligence.
49. A) Subject and predicate with quality and quantity
→ Categorical propositions combine subject, predicate, quality, quantity.
50. B) Subject and predicate positions
→ Conversion = interchange subject and predicate.
51. A) Negating and changing quality
→ Obversion = change quality + negate predicate.
52. A) Between different categorical propositions
→ Square of Opposition = relations among A, E, I, O propositions.
53. A) Identify a common cause
→ Mill’s Method of Agreement identifies common factor.
54. A) Universal welfare and non-violence
→ Gandhi’s Sarvodaya = welfare of all + non-violence.
55. B) Conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat
→ Marx’s class struggle = bourgeoisie vs proletariat.
56. A) Wealth should be used for social good voluntarily
→ Trusteeship = voluntary social use of wealth.
57. A) Use of universal and existential quantifiers
→ Quantification in logic = use of ∀, ∃.
58. A) A tentative assumption for testing
→ Hypothesis = assumption to be tested.
59. A) Conversion
→ Immediate inference includes conversion.
60. A) Multiple factors contribute to an effect
→ Mill’s Plurality of Causes = many causes can produce the same effect.