- The concept of anupalabdhi (non-cognition) is accepted as a separate source of valid knowledge (pramāṇa) by which school?
(A) Nyāya
(B) Vaiśeṣika
(C) Mīmāṃsā (Bhāṭṭa school)
(D) Sāṃkhya
- In which school of thought is the doctrine of Jāti (universal) considered a separate category (padārtha)?
(A) Cārvāka
(B) Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika
(C) Jainism
(D) Advaita Vedānta
- According to Jainism, the theory of Syādvāda is the doctrine of:
(A) The non-existence of a self.
(B) The momentariness of all things.
(C) The seven-fold predication.
(D) The existence of God.
- The Buddhist doctrine of pratītyasamutpāda (dependent origination) explains:
(A) The relationship between cause and effect.
(B) The eternal existence of a self.
(C) The nature of Brahman.
(D) The ultimate reality as pure consciousness.
- Which of the following schools accepts the theory of Satkāryavāda?
(A) Nyāya
(B) Vaiśeṣika
(C) Sāṃkhya
(D) Buddhism
- The relation between Purusa and Prakṛti in Sāṃkhya philosophy is often compared to the relation between:
(A) The subject and object.
(B) The observer and the observed.
(C) The master and the servant.
(D) The lame man and the blind man.
- According to Advaita Vedānta, the nature of Brahman is:
(A) Saguṇa (with attributes)
(B) Nirguṇa (without attributes)
(C) Both saguṇa and nirguṇa
(D) Neither saguṇa nor nirguṇa
- Which of the following is not a category of reality according to the Vaiśeṣika system?
(A) Dravya (substance)
(B) Jīva (individual soul)
(C) Guṇa (quality)
(D) Samavāya (inherence)
- The concept of jīvanmukti (liberation while living) is a key tenet of:
(A) Cārvāka
(B) Nyāya
(C) Advaita Vedānta
(D) Jainism
- The main argument for the plurality of selves in Sāṃkhya philosophy is based on:
(A) The difference in birth and death of individuals.
(B) The existence of a material world.
(C) The presence of a cosmic consciousness.
(D) The argument from design.
- Which school refutes the view that abhāva (negation) is non-different from its locus?
(A) Nyāya
(B) Mīmāṃsā (Prabhākara)
(C) Cārvāka
(D) Vaiśeṣika
- The relation between Jīva (individual soul) and Brahman, according to Rāmānuja, is one of:
(A) Absolute identity.
(B) Complete difference.
(C) Qualified non-dualism.
(D) Qualified dualism.
- The theory of śabdapramāṇa (testimony) is considered a valid source of knowledge by:
(A) Cārvāka
(B) Buddhism
(C) Nyāya
(D) All of the above
- Which of the following is not a Cittabhūmi (state of mind) according to Yoga philosophy?
(A) Kṣipta (distracted)
(B) Mūḍha (dull)
(C) Niruddha (controlled)
(D) Samādhi (concentration)
- According to Sāṃkhya, the three guṇas are:
(A) Sattva, Rajas, Tamas.
(B) Īśvara, Puruṣa, Prakṛti.
(C) Sat, Cit, Ānanda.
(D) Dharma, Adharma, Vairāgya.
- Psychological hedonism is a theory about:
(A) What people should do.
(B) What people actually do.
(C) What is good for society.
(D) The moral value of an action.
- The distinction between moral and non-moral action is primarily concerned with:
(A) Actions performed by humans versus animals.
(B) Actions that have moral significance versus those that do not.
(C) Legal actions versus illegal actions.
(D) Actions that are pleasurable versus those that are not.
- According to Kant’s theory, a moral action is one performed:
(A) For the sake of duty.
(B) To achieve a good outcome.
(C) To bring about happiness.
(D) To fulfill one’s desires.
- Bentham’s Utilitarianism is a form of:
(A) Deontology
(B) Egoism
(C) Altruistic hedonism
(D) Virtue ethics
- The postulates of morality in Kantian ethics include:
(A) Freedom of the will.
(B) Immortality of the soul.
(C) Existence of God.
(D) All of the above.
- Which theory of punishment aims to prevent future crimes?
(A) Retributive
(B) Reformative
(C) Deterrent
(D) Both B and C
- Environmental ethics is a sub-field of ethics that studies:
(A) The moral relationship between humans and the natural world.
(B) The ethics of industrial pollution.
(C) The economic value of nature.
(D) The psychology of environmental behavior.
- The problem with Gross Egoistic Hedonism is that it:
(A) Ignores the quality of pleasure.
(B) Cannot provide a universal moral standard.
(C) Is a self-defeating theory.
(D) All of the above.
- Act-utilitarianism judges the morality of an action based on:
(A) The rules it follows.
(B) The consequences of that specific action.
(C) The character of the agent.
(D) The motivation behind the action.
- Euthanasia is a topic discussed in:
(A) Applied ethics.
(B) Meta-ethics.
(C) Normative ethics.
(D) All of the above.
- Plato’s Theory of Forms is an attempt to solve the problem of:
(A) Knowledge and reality.
(B) Mind and body.
(C) God and evil.
(D) Cause and effect.
- The concept of Matter and Form is central to the philosophy of:
(A) Plato
(B) Descartes
(C) Aristotle
(D) Spinoza
- Descartes’s Method of Doubt is a systematic process to:
(A) Prove that nothing exists.
(B) Arrive at an indubitable truth.
(C) Show the unreliability of senses.
(D) Disprove the existence of God.
- The Cartesian criterion of truth is:
(A) What is perceived by the senses.
(B) What is clear and distinct.
(C) What is universally agreed upon.
(D) What is useful.
- According to Spinoza, an attribute is:
(A) A modification of a substance.
(B) What the intellect perceives of a substance as constituting its essence.
(C) A property of a mode.
(D) A separate substance.
- Which philosopher rejected the distinction between primary and secondary qualities?
(A) Locke
(B) Berkeley
(C) Hume
(D) Kant
- Hume’s skepticism primarily concerns:
(A) The external world.
(B) The existence of God.
(C) The causal connection between events.
(D) All of the above.
- Kant’s Apriori knowledge is knowledge that is:
(A) Derived from experience.
(B) Known independently of experience.
(C) Based on faith.
(D) Derived from intuition.
- The Doctrine of Pre-established Harmony is a theory proposed by:
(A) Locke
(B) Berkeley
(C) Leibnitz
(D) Hume
- The Mind-Body Relation in Spinoza’s philosophy is:
(A) Dualistic interactionism.
(B) Parallelism.
(C) Occasionalism.
(D) Materialism.
- The Introspection Method was first used in modern psychology by:
(A) William James
(B) John B. Watson
(C) Wilhelm Wundt
(D) Sigmund Freud
- The Gestalt Theory of Perception is based on the principle of:
(A) Stimulus-response.
(B) Conditioning.
(C) The whole being greater than the sum of its parts.
(D) Conscious experience.
- The Binet-Simon Test was designed to measure:
(A) Personality.
(B) Intelligence.
(C) Memory.
(D) Attention.
- The Trial and Error Theory of learning was proposed by:
(A) E. L. Thorndike
(B) I. P. Pavlov
(C) J. B. Watson
(D) W. Köhler
- According to Freud’s theory, the unconscious mind is revealed through:
(A) Free association.
(B) Dreams.
(C) Slips of the tongue.
(D) All of the above.
- The Levels of Consciousness as described by Freud are:
(A) Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
(B) Conscious, subconscious, and unconscious.
(C) Id, Ego, and Superego.
(D) Oral, Anal, and Phallic.
- Instinct in psychology is a type of behavior that is:
(A) Learned through conditioning.
(B) Innate and unlearned.
(C) A result of rational thought.
(D) A product of social interaction.
- The Laws of Association (contiguity, similarity, contrast) are related to:
(A) Attention.
(B) Memory.
(C) Perception.
(D) Sensation.
- Psychological theories of instinct differ from biological theories by emphasizing:
(A) The role of genes.
(B) The role of the nervous system.
(C) The role of purposive behavior.
(D) The role of environmental factors.
- The Measurement of Intelligence can be done using the:
(A) Rorschach test.
(B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
(C) Stanford-Binet test.
(D) All of the above.
- In a categorical proposition, the term that refers to all members of its class is said to be:
(A) Distributed.
(B) Undistributed.
(C) Particular.
(D) Universal.
- The fallacy of undistributed middle is a rule violation in:
(A) Immediate inference.
(B) Categorical syllogism.
(C) Hypothetical syllogism.
(D) Disjunctive syllogism.
- The method of resolution is a technique used to test the validity of arguments in:
(A) Traditional logic.
(B) Symbolic logic.
(C) Inductive logic.
(D) Informal logic.
- A hypothetical syllogism is an argument that contains a premise in the form of a:
(A) Conjunction.
(B) Disjunction.
(C) Conditional.
(D) Biconditional.
- Mill’s Method of Agreement states that if two or more instances of a phenomenon have only one circumstance in common, that circumstance is the:
(A) Cause or effect of the phenomenon.
(B) Condition for the phenomenon.
(C) Random occurrence of the phenomenon.
(D) Effect of the known cause.
- The Doctrine of Plurality of Causes is a criticism against which of Mill’s methods?
(A) Method of Agreement.
(B) Method of Difference.
(C) Joint Method.
(D) Method of Residues.
- The Square of Opposition is a diagrammatic representation of the relationships between:
(A) Terms of a proposition.
(B) Premises of a syllogism.
(C) Categorical propositions.
(D) Inductive arguments.
- Which of the following is a type of Immediate Inference?
(A) Modus Ponens
(B) Conversion
(C) Dilemma
(D) Reductio Ad Absurdum
- Analogy is a type of probable inference that argues from:
(A) Cause to effect.
(B) Effect to cause.
(C) Similarity of two or more things in some respects to their similarity in some further respect.
(D) The whole to its parts.
- In Boolean interpretation, a universal affirmative proposition (A) is represented by a Venn Diagram where the area representing:
(A) The subject class is empty.
(B) The predicate class is empty.
(C) The subject class that is not the predicate class is empty.
(D) The area common to both subject and predicate is empty.
- The Marxist theory of social change is based on the concept of:
(A) The dialectic of class struggle.
(B) The evolution of ideas and institutions.
(C) The role of great individuals.
(D) The influence of religion on society.
- Which of the following is a characteristic of a community?
(A) Shared interests.
(B) Shared values and norms.
(C) Shared territory.
(D) All of the above.
- Gandhiji’s conception of non-violence is also known as:
(A) Satyagraha.
(B) Ahimsa.
(C) Sarvodaya.
(D) Swaraj.
- In political philosophy, utopian socialism is distinct from scientific socialism in that it:
(A) Relies on class struggle.
(B) Focuses on ideal societies without a clear path to achieving them.
(C) Uses a historical-materialist approach.
(D) Advocates for violent revolution.
- The concept of Sarvodaya means:
(A) The greatest happiness of the greatest number.
(B) The upliftment of all.
(C) The welfare of the state.
(D) The rule of the elite.
Answer Key
1. (C) Mīmāṃsā (Bhāṭṭa school)
2. (B) Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika
3. (C) The seven-fold predication.
4. (A) The relationship between cause and effect.
5. (C) Sāṃkhya
6. (D) The lame man and the blind man.
7. (B) Nirguṇa (without attributes)
8. (B) Jīva (individual soul)
9. (C) Advaita Vedānta
10. (A) The difference in birth and death of individuals.
11. (B) Mīmāṃsā (Prabhākara)
12. (C) Qualified non-dualism.
13. (C) Nyāya
14. (D) Samādhi (concentration)
15. (A) Sattva, Rajas, Tamas.
16. (B) What people *actually* do.
17. (B) Actions that have moral significance versus those that do not.
18. (A) For the sake of duty.
19. (C) Altruistic hedonism
20. (D) All of the above.
21. (D) Both B and C
22. (A) The moral relationship between humans and the natural world.
23. (D) All of the above.
24. (B) The consequences of that specific action.
25. (A) Applied ethics.
26. (A) Knowledge and reality.
27. (C) Aristotle
28. (B) Arrive at an indubitable truth.
29. (B) What is clear and distinct.
30. (B) What the intellect perceives of a substance as constituting its essence.
31. (B) Berkeley
32. (C) The causal connection between events.
33. (B) Known independently of experience.
34. (C) Leibnitz
35. (B) Parallelism.
36. (C) Wilhelm Wundt
37. (C) The whole being greater than the sum of its parts.
38. (B) Intelligence.
39. (A) E. L. Thorndike
40. (D) All of the above.
41. (A) Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
42. (B) Innate and unlearned.
43. (B) Memory.
44. (C) The role of purposive behavior.
45. (C) Stanford-Binet test.
46. (A) Distributed.
47. (B) Categorical syllogism.
48. (B) Symbolic logic.
49. (C) Conditional.
50. (A) Cause or effect of the phenomenon.
51. (A) Method of Agreement.
52. (C) Categorical propositions.
53. (B) Conversion
54. (C) Similarity of two or more things in some respects to their similarity in some further respect.
55. (C) The subject class that is not the predicate class is empty.
56. (A) The dialectic of class struggle.
57. (D) All of the above.
58. (B) Ahimsa.
59. (B) Focuses on ideal societies without a clear path to achieving them.
60. (B) The upliftment of all.